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Helen Spurway (Helen Haldane) (c. 1917 – 15 February 1977, Hyderabad) was a biologist and the second wife of J. B. S. Haldane. She emigrated to India in 1957 along with Haldane and conducted research in field biology along with Krishna Dronamraju, Suresh Jayakar, and others. Spurway obtained her Ph.D. in genetics under the supervision of J.B.S. Haldane, whom she married later, at University College, London. Her early research was in the genetics of ''Drosophila subobscura'', but later switched to the reproductive biology of the guppy, ''Lebistes reticulatus''. Her claim, in 1955, that parthenogenesis, which occurs in the guppy in nature, may also occur (though very rarely) in the human species, leading to so-called "virgin births" created some sensation among her colleagues and the lay public alike (magazine, November 28, 1955; Editorial in The Lancet, 2: 967 (1955) ). In 1959, at the Indian Statistical Institute she turned her attention to the genetics of the giant silkworm ''Antheraea mylitta'', raising them in captivity to test the quality of their silk. In January 1961 she and J.B.S., assisted by their associate Krishna Dronamraju, were hosts to United States National Science Fair biology winners Gary Botting (zoology) and Susan Brown (botany). Using a novel technique of pheromone transfer, Botting had cross-bred an ''Antheraea mylitta'' female with a ''Telea polyphemus'' male, with viable offspring. Botting and Spurway concluded that the polyphemus moth was misclassified and should be included under the genus ''Antheraea''. At the time, the larvae of her ''mylitta'' specimens were developing black dots, which she attributed to adaptation to their artificial, dark environment in a similar way that the peppered moth (''Biston betularia'') had apparently adapted to its changing urban environment in Manchester, England. That "urban adaptation" scenario had been touted by many textbooks as clear evidence of evolution in action. J.B.S. Haldane had himself made statistical calculations as early as 1924 about the appearance of light and melanic populations of the peppered moth, then known as ''Amphidasys betularia''.〔Judith Hooper, ''Of Moths and Men: Intrigue, Tragedy and the Peppered Moth'' (London: Fourth Estate, 2003) pp. 47-48〕 Decades later, E.B. Ford and Bernard Kettlewell (with whom Helen Spurway was known to have "broken bread" in Oxford by eating a live moth or two)〔Hooper (2003), p. 172〕 attempted to capitalize on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the peppered moth. Kettlewell apparently fudged his data to obtain results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations.〔Hooper, pp. 47-48, 172, 298〕 Gary Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in Lamarckian evolution. He diagnosed the black spots on Spurway's larvae as pebrine, a disease deadly to lepidoptera. Gary Botting initially concluded from Spurway's observations about the black dots on her larvae, and from other similar statements, that she and J.B.S. Haldane were "committed Lamarckian evolutionists" who were prepared to believe, without sufficient evidence, in the possibility of rapid evolutionary adaptation.〔Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction," ''Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting'' (Miami: Strategic Books, 2013), pp. xx-xxii〕〔Gary Botting, "Preface," ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), p. xiv〕〔Hooper, pp. 19, 286-293.〕 However, Botting later praised Spurway for her experiments with ''Antheraea mylitta'' and ''Antheraea assamensis'' (which she had tried to hybridize) and credited the Haldanes with encouraging him to accept the precepts of Darwinian evolution.〔Tihemme Gagnon (2013), p. xx; Gary Botting (1984),p.xiv.〕 Fearing that J.B.S. Haldane and Spurway were attempting to "brainwash" Gary Botting and Susan Brown with Marxist propaganda, the United States Information Service denied permission to the science fair winners to return to the Indian Statistical Institute for a banquet organized by J.B.S. and Helen in their honour. Helen Spurway, J.B.S. and Krishna Dronamraju were present in Botting's room at the Oberoi Grand Hotel in Kolkata when Brown announced that U.S. Cultural Attache Duncan Emery had forbidden her and Botting from attending the banquet that evening. Haldane went on his much-publicized hunger strike to protest the U.S. insult.〔“Haldane on Fast: Insult by USIS Alleged,” ''Times of India'', 19 January 1961; “Protest Fast by Haldane: USIS’s “Anti-Indian Activities,” ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; “Situation was Misunderstood, Scholars Explain,” ''Times of India'', 20 January 1961; “USIS Explanation does not satisfy Haldane: Protest fast continues,” ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; “USIS Claim Rejected by Haldane: Protest Fast to Continue,” ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; “Haldane Not Satisfied with USIS Apology: Fast to Continue,” ''Free Press Journal'', 18 January 1961; “Haldane Goes on Fast In Protest Against U.S. Attitude,” ''Times of India'', 18 January 1961; “Haldane to continue fast: USIS explanation unsatisfactory,” ''Times of India'', 19 January 1961; “Local boy in hunger strike row,” ''Toronto Star'', 20 January 1961; “Haldane, Still on Fast, Loses Weight: U.S.I.S. Act Termed 'Discourteous',” ''Indian Express'', 20 January 1961; “Haldane Slightly Tired on Third Day of Fast,” ''Times of India'', 21 January 1961; “Haldane Fasts for Fourth Consecutive Day,” ''Globe and Mail'', 22 January 1961〕 Later, the Haldanes, who were irritated by the abrupt changes made by the Director Mahalanobis in the social programme of the visiting Soviet leader Kosygin, resigned from the Indian Statistical Institute. Eventually, they moved to Bhubaneswar, Orissa, to found the Genetics & Biometry Laboratory. However, Haldane soon developed cancer of the rectum and died there in 1964. Helen Spurway's lifelong research interests also included animal behavior and domestication, which led to her close contacts with several eminent zoologists including Konrad Lorenz, Salim Ali, T. Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr. After her husband's death in 1964, in Bhubaneswar, Spurway moved to Hyderabad in Southern India and spent her remaining years there studying animal domestication, until her death in 1977. ==Publications== A partial list: * Spurway, Helen. 1955. The Causes of Domestication: An attempt to integrate some ideas of Konrad Lorenz with evolution theory. Journal of Genetics 53:325-362. * Spurway, Helen, and J. B. S. Haldane. 1953. The comparative ethology of vertebrate breathing. I. Breathing in newts, with a general survey. Behaviour 6:8-34 * Spurway, Helen, and K.R. Dronamraju. 1959. The biology of the two commercial qualities cocoons spun by Antheraea mylitta (Drury) with a note on the cocoons of the related A. assama (westwood). Genetica Agraria 45: 175. * Dronamraju, K.R. and H. Spurway. 1960. Constancy to horticultural varieties shown by butterflies, and its possible evolutionary significance. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57:136-150. * Spurway Helen, S.D. Jayakar, and K.R. Dronamraju 1964. One nest of Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabr.).(Sphecidae: Hynemoptera). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 61: 1-42. * Jayakar S. D. and Spurway H. 1966 Sex ratios of some mason wasps. Nature (London ) 212:306-307 * Dronamraju, K.R. 1985. Haldane: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane with special reference to India. Aberdeen UNiversity Press. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helen Spurway」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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